Do I owe crypto tax if I did not cash out to dollars?

Yes — trading one crypto for another, or spending crypto, is a taxable disposal. Only buying and holding, or moving between your own wallets, is not taxable.

Crypto Tax Calculator — Capital Gains on Bitcoin & Crypto

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Crypto Tax

Capital gains • Short vs long

Sale proceeds (what you sold for)

Cost basis (what you paid)

Holding period ⓘ

Filing status

Other taxable income ⓘ

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Enter your trade to estimate the tax

How the Crypto Tax Calculator Works

Enter your sale proceeds and cost basis.
Choose how long you held it — over a year qualifies for lower long-term rates.
Add your income to set the rate, and see your tax and after-tax proceeds.

How Crypto Is Taxed (2026)

The IRS treats cryptocurrency as property, so selling, swapping or spending it is a taxable event. Your capital gain equals proceeds minus cost basis. Held one year or less, gains are short-term and taxed at your ordinary income rate; held over a year, they're long-term at the favorable 0%, 15% or 20% rates based on income. High earners may also owe the 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax.

Starting in 2025–2026, exchanges report proceeds on Form 1099-DA, so accurate basis tracking matters more than ever. Losses can offset gains and up to $3,000 of ordinary income. Estimate only; not tax advice.

Formula & Logic

The IRS treats cryptocurrency as property, not currency, which has a consequence that surprises many holders: every disposal is a taxable event, including trading one coin for another and spending crypto on goods. Buying a coffee with appreciated Bitcoin realises a capital gain. Holding period determines the rate exactly as with shares — over a year gives long-term treatment at 0%, 15% or 20%, under a year is ordinary income. Cost basis tracking is the practical difficulty, since specific identification permits choosing which units were sold but requires contemporaneous records to defend.

Gain = Proceeds − Cost basis (including fees)Held > 1 year: long-term rates (0/15/20%) · ≤ 1 year: ordinary ratesEvery disposal is taxable: sale, crypto-to-crypto trade, or purchase of goodsMining and staking rewards: ordinary income at fair value on receipt

where:

cost basis: purchase price plus acquisition fees
disposal: any sale, trade or spend — not just conversion to dollars
method: FIFO by default; specific identification allowed with adequate records

Assumptions: Wash sale rules have historically not applied to crypto because it is property rather than a security, though this has been the subject of repeated legislative proposals. Mining and staking income is taxed on receipt and then again as a capital asset on disposal.

SourceIRS guidance on digital assets

Step-by-Step Example: A $19,000 Gain, Held 14 Months

Compute the tax, then show what selling two months earlier would have cost.

Purchase$12,000
Sale proceeds$31,000
Holding period14 months
Ordinary rate24%

Gain: $31,000 − $12,000 = $19,000.
Holding period exceeds one year, so long-term rates apply.
At the 15% long-term rate: $19,000 × 15% = $2,850.
Had it been sold at 11 months, the gain would be short-term.
At the 24% ordinary rate: $19,000 × 24% = $4,560.
Two extra months of holding saved $1,710.

Result$2,850 of tax — $1,710 less than selling before the one-year mark

The crypto-to-crypto rule is the one that generates unexpected bills: swapping Bitcoin for Ethereum is a disposal of the Bitcoin at fair market value, taxable even though no dollars were received. Traders who never cashed out can still owe substantial tax.

Crypto Tax FAQ

Do I owe tax if I didn't cash out to dollars? ▾

Yes — trading one crypto for another, or spending crypto on goods, is a taxable disposal. Only buying and holding (or moving between your own wallets) is not taxable.

How are long-term gains taxed? ▾

At 0%, 15%, or 20% depending on your taxable income — much lower than short-term gains, which use your ordinary income bracket. Holding over a year can cut the tax substantially.

Can crypto losses lower my taxes? ▾

Yes. Capital losses offset capital gains dollar-for-dollar, and up to $3,000 of net loss can offset ordinary income each year, with the rest carried forward.